Hyperkalaemia (above 5.0 mmol/L):

• ACE inhibitors (e.g., lisinopril, enalapril)
• Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) (e.g., losartan, valsartan)
• Potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g., spironolactone, triamterene)
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen)
• Heparin
• Cyclosporine
• Tacrolimus

Hypokalaemia (below 3.5mmol/L):

• Loop diuretics (e.g., furosemide, bumetanide)
• Thiazide diuretics (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone)
• Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone, dexamethasone)
• Beta-2 agonists (e.g., albuterol, salmeterol)
• Insulin (high doses)
• Amphotericin B
• Aminoglycoside antibiotics (e.g., gentamicin, tobramycin)
• Theophyllines

Hyponatraemia (below 133mmol/L)

• Diuretics (e.g., thiazides, loop diuretics)
• Antidepressants (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants i.e. fluoxetine, sertraline)
• Antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol, olanzapine)
• Anticonvulsants (e.g., carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine)
• Opioids (e.g., morphine, fentanyl)
• MDMA (ecstasy)

Hypernatremia more than 145mmol/L:

• Lithium
• Diuretics (e.g., thiazides)
• Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone, dexamethasone)
• Sodium bicarbonate
• Sodium polystyrene sulfonate
• Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH)
• Amphetamines
• Anabolic steroids
• Oestrogens

Hypomagnesia (Below 1.8 mg/dL (0.74 mmol/L)

• Proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole, lansoprazole)
• Loop and thiazide diuretics (e.g., furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide)
• Aminoglycoside antibiotics (e.g., gentamicin, tobramycin)
• Cisplatin
• Cyclosporine
• Tacrolimus
• Pentamidine

Hypermagnesia (Above 2.6 mg/dL (1.07 mmol/L)

• Magnesium-containing antacids
• Magnesium supplements
• Laxatives containing magnesium
• Diuretics that conserve magnesium (e.g., spironolactone)
• Lithium
• ACE inhibitors (e.g., lisinopril, enalapril)
• Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) (e.g., losartan, valsartan)

Hypocalcaemia: [Total Serum Calcium: Below 8.5 mg/dL (2.12 mmol/L) or Ionized Calcium: Below 4.5 mg/dL (1.12 mmol/L)]

• Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate, risedronate)
• Loop diuretics (e.g., furosemide, bumetanide)
• Glucocorticoids (e.g., prednisone, dexamethasone)
• Phenytoin
• Phenobarbital
• Rifampin
• Aminoglycoside antibiotics (e.g., gentamicin, tobramycin)

Hypercalcaemia: [Total Serum Calcium: Above 10.5 mg/dL (2.62 mmol/L) or Ionized Calcium: Above 5.5 mg/dL (1.37 mmol/L)]

• Thiazide diuretics (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide)
• Lithium
• Vitamin D and its analogs (e.g., calcitriol)
• Calcium supplements
• Antacids containing calcium
• Tamoxifen
• Loop diuretics (when used in high doses)